We also lie and claim some stuff was done by Moslims, when it was not and in some cases it was Pre Islamic.
Proof of Islamic Scientific Achievements is that until 1800 A.D. we lived in our Kerosene Lamp and Bull Cart world and for the last thousand years we have not invented anything major. Allah has damned us but we do not want to admit it just like all other people that Allah had damned before us.
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--- In chottala@yahoogroups.com, "Mohiuddin Anwar" <mohiuddin@...> wrote:
>
>
>
> ---------- Forwarded Message ----------
> From: abid bahar <abid.bahar@...>
> To: notun Bangladesh <notun_bangladesh@yahoogroups.com>, tasmia hossain <tasmia_h@...>, salik bahar <shorov_23@...>, Rafat Bahar <saji_1@...>, abid bahar <abid.bahar@...>
> Subject: [notun_bangladesh] Muslim's Contributions to Civilization
> Date: Sat, 24 Dec 2011 20:33:09 -0500
>
>
> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
> http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=�
> Muslim's Contributions to Civilization
> Monday December 12 2011 21:10:40 PM BDT
> Dr. Sultan Ahmad, USA
> We, as Muslims, are not aware of the contributions of the Muslims to civilization. This is not only unfortunate, but also a shame for us. We should, of course will feel proud when we will know the contributions of the Muslim scientists.
>
> Surgery
>
> Many modern surgical instruments are of exactly the same design as those devised in the 10th century by a Muslim surgeon called al-Zahrawi (936 � 1013 AD). He was an Andalusian who is considered Islam�s greatest surgeon and one of the fathers of modern surgery.
>
> His scalpels, bone saws, forceps, fine scissors for eye surgery and many of the 200 instruments he devised are recognizable to a modern surgeon. It was he who discovered that catgut used for internal stitches dissolves away naturally (a discovery he made when his monkey ate his lute strings) and that it can be also used to make medicine capsules. In the 13th century, another Muslim named Ibn Nafis described the circulation of the blood, 300 years before William Harvey discovered it. Muslim doctors also invented anesthetics of opium and alcohol mixtures and developed hollow needless to suck cataracts from eyes in a technique still used today.
>
> Source: www.independent.co.uk; How Islamic inventors changed the world, Saturday, 11 March, 2006; www.pre-renaissance.com
>
> Parachute and Flying Machine
>
> A thousand years before the Wright brothers a Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and engineer named Abbas Ibn Firnas (810 � 887 AD)made several attempts to construct a flying machine. A berber born in Izn-Rand Onda, Al-Andalus (Ronda, Spain) and lived in the Emirate of Cordova. He was an inventor, engineer, aviator, physician, Arabic poet and Andalusian musician.
>
> In 852 AD, he jumped from the minaret of the Grand Mosque in Cordova using a loose cloak stiffened with wooden struts. He hoped to glide like a bird. He could not. But the cloak should his fall, creating what is thought to be the first Parachute, and leaving him with only minor injuries. In 875, aged 70, having perfected a machine of silk and eagles� feathers he tried again, jumping from a mountain. He flew to a significant height and stayed aloft for tem minutes but crashed on landing � concluding correctly that it was because he had not given his device a tail so it would stall on landing. Baghdad international airport and a crater on the Moon are named after him.
>
> Source: op. cit.
>
> Optics
>
> The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted rays, like a las3er, which enabled us to see. The first person to realize that light enters the eyes, rather than leaving it, was the 10th century mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen, 965 � 1041 AD) born in Circa 965, in Basra, Iraq and lived mainly in Cairo, Egypt. He is regarded as the �father of modern optics).
>
> He invent)ed the first pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in windows of shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word qamara of a dark or private room). He is also credited with being the first man to shift Physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one. John Draper expresses his amazement that Ibn Al-Haythem wroye about these subjects in the 11th century and for several centuries Ibn Al-Haythams�s work on optics was the main source of study in Europe.
>
> Source: en.wikipedia.org.
>
> Civil Engineering
>
> Al-Jazari invented a variety of machines for raising water in 1206, as well as water mills and water wheels with cams on their axie used to operate automata in the late 12th century. Cordova had the first facilities and waste containers for litter collection. The first kerosene lamp was invented by Muhammad ibn Zakaria Razi (865 � 925 AD) in the 9th century. He was born in Ragha, Persia. Shifted his interest from music to alchemy and when his experimentation caused him an eye-disease, he shifted his interest to medicine.
>
> Muslim engineers invented a variety of surveying instruments for accurate leveling, including a wooden board with a plumb line and two hooks, an equilateral triangle with a plumb line and two hooks and a <<reed level>>. They also invented a rotating alidade used for accurate alignment, and a surveying astrolabe used for alignment, measuring angles, triangulation, finding the width of a river, and the distance between two points separated by an impassable obstruction. The streets of Baghdad were the first to be paved with tar from the 8th century AD. The first ventilators were invented in Islamic Egypt and were widely used in many houses throughout Cairo during the middle ages.
>
> Source: www.independent.co.uk; www.pre-renaissance.com.
>
> Chemistry
>
> Distillation, the means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points, was invented around the year 800 by Islam�s foremost scientist, Jabir ibn Hayyan (721 � 815 AD), who transformed alchemy into chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and apparatus still used today � liquefaction, crystallization, distillation, purification, oxidization, evaporation and filtration. As well as discovering sulphuric and nitric acid, he invented the alembic still, giving the world intense rose water and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits (although drinking them is haram, or forbidden, in Islam. Ibn Hayyamn emphasized systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry.
>
> Source: op.cit.
>
> Mechanics
>
> The crank-shaft is a device which translates rotary into linear motion and is central to much of the machinery in the modern world, not least the internal combustion engine. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind was created by an ingenious Muslim engineer called al-Jazari (1136 � 1206) to raise water for irrigation. He was born in Al-Jaziraothe, northern Mesopotamia. In his book, book of knowledge of ingenious Mechanical devices, he described fifty mechanical devices along with instructions on how to construct them.
>
> Source: www.independent.co.uk; www.wikipedia.org
>
> Numbering System
>
> The system of numbering is use all around the world is probably Indian in origin but the style of the numerals is Arabic and first appears in print in the work of the Muslim Mathematician al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi (801 � 873 AD) around 825. He was born in Kufa. He was a philosopher,, mathematician, physicist, astronomer, physician, geographer and even an expert in Music. It is surprising that he made original contributions to all of these fields.
>
> Algebra was named after al- Khwarizmi�s book, Al-Jabar wa-al-Muabilah, much of whose contents are still in use. The work of Muslim math scholars was imported into Europe 300 years later by the Italian mathematician Fibonacci. Algorithms and much of the theory of trigonometry came from the Muslim world. And Al-Kindi�s discovery of frequency analysis rendered all the codes of the ancient world soluble and created the basis of modern cryptology.
>
> Source: www.independent.co.uk
>
> Mathematics
>
> Among the achievements of Muslim mathematicians include the development of Algebra and algorithms by Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi, 9780 � 950 AD) the invention of spherical trigonometry, the addition of the decimal point notation to the Arabic numerals, the invention of the trigonometric functions besides sine, al-Kindi�s introduction of cryptanalysis and frequency analysis., al-Karaji�s introduction of algebraic calculus and proof by mathematical induction, the development of analytic geometry and the earliest general formula for infinitesimal and integral calculus by Ibn al-Haytham, the beginning of algebraic geometry by Omar Khayyam, the first reputations of Euclidean geometry and the parallel postulate by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the first first attempt at a non-Euclidean geometry by Sadar al-Din, the development of symbolic algebra by Abu al-Hasan ibn al-Qalasadi, and numerous other advances in algebra, arithmetic, Calculus, cryptography, geometry, number theory and trigonometry.
>
> Source: Book: al-Tabsira fi�lm al-hisab
>
> Medicine
>
> Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis) help lay the foundation for modern surgery, with his Kitab al-Tasrif, in which he invented numerous surgical instruments, including the first instruments unique to women, as well as the surgical uses of catgut and forceps, the ligature, surgical needle, scalpel, curette, retractor, surgical spoon, sound, surgical hook, rod, and specula, and bone saw. Ibn Haytham (Alhacen) made important advances in eye surgery, as he correctly explained the process of sight and visual perception for the first time in his book of optics. Ibn Sina (Avicena) (980 � 1037 AD) was born in Afsana, near Bukhara. For a thousand years he retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history.
>
> He helped lay the foundations of modern medicine, with the Canon of medicine which was responsible for the discovery of contagious disease, introduction of quarantine to limit their spread, introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicines, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, efficacy tests, and clinical pharmacology, the first descriptions on bacterial and viral organisms, distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy, contagious nature of tuberculosis, distribution of disease by water and soil, skin troubles, sexually transmitted diseases, perversions, nervous ailments, use of ice to treat fevers, and separation of medicine from pharmacology. Ibn al-Nafis laid the foundations of circulatory physiology, as he was the first to describe the pulmonary and coronary circulation.
>
> Source: Books: The Canon of Medicine; The book of Healing.
>
> Time Keeping Devices
>
> In the 10th century, al-Sufi (908 � 986 AD)described over1,000 different uses of an astrolabe, including timekeeping, particularly for the times of Salah (prayers) and Ramadhan. Geared mechanical astrolabe featured a calendar computer and gear-wheels, and was invented by Abu Bakr of Ispahan in 1235.Al-Jazari invented monumental water powers astronomical clocks which displayed moving models of the sun, moon, and stars. His largest astronomical clock displayed the zodiac and the solar and lunar orbits. Another innovative feature of the clock was a pointer which travelled across the top of a gateway and caused automatic doors to open every hour. The first geared clock was invented by the 11th century Arab engineer Ibn Khalf al-Muradi in Islamic Iberia. It was a water clock that employed both segmental and epicyclic gearing. Other monumental water clocks constructed by Muslim engineers also employed complex gear trains and arrays of automata.
>
> Source: Book of Fixed Stars
>
> Architecture
>
> The great mosque of Xi�an china was completed circa 744, and the Great Mosque of samara in Iraq was completed in 847. The Great Mosque of samara combined the hypostyle architecture of rows and columns supporting a flat base above which a huge spiraling minaret was constructed. The Spanish Muslims began construction of the Grand Mosque at cordoba in 785 marking the beginning of Islamic architecture in Spain and Northern Africa. The mosque is noted for its striking interior arches. Moorish architecture reached its peak with the construction of the Alhambra, the magnificent palace/fortress of Granada, with its open and breezy interior spaces adorned in red, blue, and gold. The walls are decorated with stylized foliage motifs. Arabic inscriptions and arabesque design work. With walls covered in glazed tiles.
>
> Many buildings and portions of buildings worldwide have been inspired by the Alhambra: there is a Moorish revival house in Stillwater, MN which was created and named after the Alhambara; also, the main portion of the Irvine Spectrum center in Irvine. CA is a postmodern version of the court of the Lions.
>
> Source: en.wikipedia.org
>
> Institutions
>
> A number of important educational and scientific institutions previously unknown in the ancient world have their origins in the early Islamic world, with the most notable examples being: the public and psychiatric hospitals, the public library and lending library, the academic degree granting university, and the astronomical observatory as a research institute. The Guinness book of World Records recognizes the University of Al Karaouine in Fez, Morocco as the oldest degree-granting in the world with its founding in 859 CE byFatima al-Fihri. Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in the 975 CE., offered a variety of academic degrees, including postgraduate degrees, and is often considered the first full-pledged university. The origin of the doctorate also dates back to the ijazat attadris via wa �l-ifttd (license to teach and issue legal opinions) in the medieval Madrashas which taught Islamic law.
>
> Source: en.wikipedia.org
> Compiled by the author.
>
> �
>
>
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