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Friday, January 7, 2011

[chottala.com] Final call for Today's Pitha Utshob‏,EVENT ADDRESS, NO ENTRANCE FEE‏‏



Date: January 8th, 2011 (Saturday)

Time From: 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM

 

No Entrance FEE

 

 

Event: John Adams Elementary School

 

Address: 5651 Rayburn Avenue

Alexandria, VA 22311



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[chottala.com] International Mother Language Day: A diplomatic victory by first Hasina Government !



Obviously, the "International Mother Language Day "adopted by the 30th Session of UNESCO's General Conference (1999)was a milestone in the first Hasina goverment's diplomatic success: Saudi Arabia was the co-sponsor and six muslim populated countries supported it.

 
Thanks for coining the term most "Muslim populated countries" insted of
just using a term like "muslim country", which is undoubtly a secular
approach consistent with the present world in the epoch of globalization &
and pluralistic societies (secularized):
 
 
All road leads to Rome, I mean secularization:
One world, One dream -- Unity, Friendship, Progress, Harmony,
Participation and Dream for a pluralistic world...... Tomorrow,
will be better day for all of us .....

 

List of the countries that supported the initiative:

Oman,

Benin,

Sri Lanka,

Egypt,

the Russian Federation,

Bahamas,

Dominican Republic,

Belarus, the Philippines,

Côte d'Ivoire,

India,

Honduras,

Gambia,

the Federated States of Micronesia,

Vanuatu,

Indonesia,

Papua New Guinea,

Comoros,

Pakistan,

Islamic Republic of Iran,

Lithuania,

Italy

Syrian Arab Republic


Obviously India was singled out in the first posting due to some insidious
intent. However a correction was made after getting caught with the hands in the cookie jar. [at the least, this realization is always welcome !]
 
 
PS: Interestingly, original intention was to emphasize "not by India even"
The "correction" essentially makes the original intent fall apart.
 
Thanks
 
Syed Aslam
 
 
On Wed, Jan 5, 2011 at 12:38 PM, anis.ahmed@netzero.com <anis.ahmed@netzero.com> wrote:
Dear Readers:
Please go to the following link and know which countries supported the original UNESCO resolution on the "International Mother Language Day" to be observed on 21 February.

http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=28672&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=-512
.html


Interestingly, supported by Papua New Guinea, Pakistan and most Muslim populated countries besides India.

Please correct if this information is wrong.

Note: I apologize for the mistake made in my earlier email.

Thanks,

<Ovimot-subscribe@yahoogroups.com>,
 
Original Post:

On Wed, Jan 5, 2011 at 11:37 AM, anis.ahmed@netzero.com <anis.ahmed@netzero.com> wrote:
Dear Readers:

Please go to the following link and know which countries supported the original UNESCO resolution on the "International Mother Language Day" to be observed on 21 February.

http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=28672&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=-512.html

Interestingly, supported by Papua New Guinea and Pakistan, not by India even.

Please correct if this information is wrong.

Thanks,

<Ovimot-subscribe@yahoogroups.com>,


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[chottala.com] Re: [KHABOR] Once the Awami League goes . . .



Very Funny, you have not read the article by Syed Badrul Ahsan
before commecting ....... it is really an exposé that you have failed to
realise.......
 
No matter how hard you try, the net result will be a BIG  zero ! 
Life will never be the same for your MADAM again .....
BNP will have the same fate as it's predecessor Muslim League .....
 
See full size image

 


No more goot ol days for the cronies ! No more Hawa Bhobon .......!!!
Related:
 
'দেশনেত্রী' কি মানসিক ভারসাম্যহীনতায় ভুগছেন?
আবদুল গাফ্ফার চৌধুরী

http://www.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=16&dd=2011-01-05&ni=44580

 "কাউকে ছাড় দেয়া হবে না" -খালেদা জিয়া

On Fri, Jan 7, 2011 at 1:11 AM, Mohiuddin Anwar <mohiuddin@netzero.net> wrote:
Awami League will bring their party down from thhe power, Peoples Negative vote will help other party to defeat Awami League. That is the charecteristic of Bangladeshi voters we saw in last four Parliamentery election. Now people realizing that they denied  the thifs  power but broght Dacoits to power. Painful realization indeed.


---------- Original Message ----------
From: Syed_Aslam3 <Syed.Aslam3@gmail.com>
 
Subject: [KHABOR] Once the Awami League goes . . .
Date: Wed, 5 Jan 2011 05:01:33 -0500

 

Once the Awami League goes . . .
Syed Badrul Ahsan

Photo: Noor Alam/ Drik News

Our heads hang low, in unmitigated shame. Where the head should have been held high in this land of illuminating poetry and galvanising politics, it today takes a battering from those who should have shown us the way to a bright new world. Former prime minister Khaleda Zia has loudly and unabashedly served notice on the nation that once the Awami League goes out of office, all the acts and decisions it has taken in the past two years and will take in the remainder of its term will be considered illegal.

That is a bit rich coming from one whose party and political associates presided over, for a long time, some manifest wrongs in this beautiful country. And do not forget the long darkness they pushed us into as they tried commandeering our history and then putting it to the torch.

Let us now give free rein to our imagination in light of the portents of doom coming from the Begum. One of the first things the Bangladesh Nationalist Party will likely annul is the trial, conviction and execution of the assassins of the Father of the Nation. Please note that the BNP has said not a word in support of the judicial process that gave us back something of the self-dignity we lost as a people when Bangabandhu's assassins strutted free all around us. The impression was, and remains, one of the party's sulking at a return to rule of law.

So what Begum Zia means to do, if and when she regains political office, is declare the hanging of Farook Rahman and his accomplices an act of treason on the part of the Awami League government. She will then have Parliament restore the notorious indemnity ordinance in the constitution, to let us know that we the people committed a criminal act by restoring Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to the peaks that he was toppled from in August 1975.

Khaleda Zia's promise of vengeance will please everyone who has never been happy with Bangladesh, who indeed would like this country to mutate into a little Pakistan through a return to the morally outrageous two-nation theory once propagated by the All India Muslim League. Do not forget that between 1975 and 1996 and then between 2001 and 2006, this execrable political non-idea was put into operation in subtle fashion through so-called Bangladeshi nationalism.

Now, if the BNP comes back to power in this mood of fury and retribution, our future and the future of our children will once more come to rest in the hands of those who have never felt happy with Bengali nationalism. And a return to "Bangladeshi nationalism" will be one way of keeping this country divided, in a state of perennial ferment through a tribalisation of politics.

These people who feel unhappy with the spirit of 1971 will then ride roughshod over all of us. We will all fall together. It will once more be the war criminals of 1971 sporting the flag you and I fashioned, under the leadership of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, on their vehicles as ministers in a country they tried murdering in 1971.

The bottom-line, for you and for me and for all citizens of this country, is for us to be on guard against a return to office of those who have for decades insulted our self-esteem as a people and have refused to do penance for their sins. In these past two years, there are some dark, bitter truths we have come across. It is that those who took the country for a ride in the five years before January 2007 have not learnt the truth about themselves.

They are unhappy with the people …because the people gave them no opportunity for a return to power in December 2008. There is in them absolutely no embarrassment about the plunder they resorted to in their glory days. They conveniently forget that it was they who first initiated and perfected the humiliation we today know as remand in custody. They humiliated academics, politicians and journalists in the dark confines of police stations and cantonments.

It was their wickedness which saw the electoral roll bursting with non-existent voters. It was their man (and we speak of President Iajuddin Ahmed) who was entrusted with the job of stealing an election from us through making sure that those who took away our happiness would come back to take away whatever else that remained.

The Begum and her party are worried about the conditions of their imprisoned colleagues and political associates in prison. That is acceptable and understandable. And yet we must ask them if their conscience has ever made them wonder how these prisoners dehumanised us all in the year when the state of Pakistan tried running us out of our own land. They are unhappy with the prospect of a war crimes trial. You do not expect a patriot, a proper Bengali, to go morbid at the thought of ageing war criminals getting their comeuppance.

Khaleda Zia's vow of nullifying every act of the Awami League is a patent threat to all of us. If the threat comes to pass, the sunlight will go fleeing from our lives, the moon will lose its luster, poetry will die, politics will be no more, rivers will not run and good men and women will be fugitives in the wild woods.

Everything will pall. Everything will pale. Everything will fall.

Syed Badrul Ahsan is Editor, Current Affairs, The Daily Star. E-mail: bahsantareq@yahoo.co.uk

http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=168742

Related:
 
'দেশনেত্রী' কি মানসিক ভারসাম্যহীনতায় ভুগছেন?
আবদুল গাফ্ফার চৌধুরী

http://www.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=16&dd=2011-01-05&ni=44580

 "কাউকে ছাড় দেয়া হবে না" -খালেদা জিয়া

 

 

 

 

 

 .




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[chottala.com] Original Resolution on International Mother Language Day: Correction



Once again Mr. Shamim Chowhury has identified himself as a flag carrier of India by intentionally ignoring the fact that he is a Bangladeshi. He taught about Indian constitution on the national language issue in India by avoiding responding to a grave issue and reputation of his motherland (Bangladesh) which is violated by a ruling minister of the government he (Mr. Shamim) likes the most.
 
 I don’t have to respond the national language issue of India as the sufferers of the Bengali speaking Indian citizens of West Bengal know much better than me. Many Bengali words in West Bengal has transformed and are used in Hindi language now. Even, the national anthem that was originally written by Poet Guru Rabindra Nath Tegore in Bengali is now transformed and recited in Hindi. Shame, shame and shame!!!
 
 We must recognize all the fighters of Bengali language movement regardless of their political affiliations, Gaziul Haq, Golam Azam and thank to all the countries who supported for the Resolution on International Mother  Language Day, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, India, etc.
 
 At the same time, we must condemn all heinous and criminal activities of Home Minister Shahara Khatoon that brought down the heads of worldwide Bangladeshi with keeping in mind that Home Minister’s acts are more grave and serious than Tareq and Koko. We should shout out for bringing current Home Minister to the justice regardless whether this issue is tasteless and nasty.
 
 Remember, if you are not a part of justice than you’re automatically a part of injustice.
Thanks for your understanding.
Anis Ahmed


---------- Original Message ----------
From: Shamim Chowdhury <veirsmill@yahoo.com>
To: notun_bangladesh@yahoogroups.com, alapon@yahoogroups.com,  Diagnose@yahoogroups.com, sonarbangladesh@yahoogroups.com,  Bangladesh-Zindabad@yahoogroups.com, WideMinds@yahoogroups.com,  bangla-vision@yahoogroups.com, chottala@yahoogroups.com,  "anis.ahmed@netzero.net" <anis.ahmed@netzero.net>
Subject: Re: [notun_bangladesh] Re: Original Resolution on International Mother  Language Day: Correction
Date: Thu, 6 Jan 2011 14:17:21 -0800 (PST)

 

It’s not understandable why you jumping from one topic to another. You wrote something which has no base and the information was bogus, I just pointed it out for you to correct, instead you jump to another topic with another baseless bogus data. You need to do a little study before you write.

Anyway, what wrong you see when India picks up one of its own homegrown language Hindi as India’s official language beside English? Just for your information Hindi is NOT India’s national language. India does not have any national language. India’s constitution allows other Indian states to choose their own state language as they wish to.

On the other hand Pakistan’s Official as well as National language is Urdu which is a foreign language to majority of Pakistanis other then some Mohajirs (repatriated Indians) in Karachi. There are 5 times more Urdu speaking people in India then Pakistan and there is more then one state in India whose official language is Urdu. According to all linguists Urdu is nothing but a form of Hindi using Arabic alphabet. Language has not much history other then Mughals picked up this made up language for running the courts and some official business with native Muslim Indians.

Mr. Anis bashed India for imposing their homegrown language Hindi on their own people but overlooked Pakistan imposing a foreign language on their own national. We all know about the fate of our own language Bangle in the hands of brutal Pakistani juntas when they declined our demand Bangla to be one of the national languages of then Pakistan though Bangla was spoken by majority people of Pakistan. Repressive Pakistani government killed scores of people when they brought our rally demanding Bangla as national language on February 21st of 1952. Pakistan dire attempt to alter our Bangla alphabets with Arabic went into vain when heroic Bengalis challenged that outrageous conspiracy.

Pakistan’s support for 21st February as International Mother Language Day UN charter was nothing but just a makeover of their dreadful deeds of 1952 and their after against the people of Bangladesh. Pakistan was always against Bengalis and Bangladesh and will remain so for unseen future.

I do not want to reply to his comments about Home Minister because it’s just tasteless and nasty.

Thanks,
Shamim Chowdhury
Maryland, U.S.A.

--- On Thu, 1/6/11, anis.ahmed@netzero.net <anis.ahmed@netzero.net> wrote:

> From: anis.ahmed@netzero.net <anis.ahmed@netzero.net>
> Subject: Re: [notun_bangladesh] Re: Original Resolution on International Mother Language Day: Correction
> To: notun_bangladesh@yahoogroups.com, alapon@yahoogroups.com, Diagnose@yahoogroups.com, sonarbangladesh@yahoogroups.com, Bangladesh-Zindabad@yahoogroups.com, WideMinds@yahoogroups.com, bangla-vision@yahoogroups.com, chottala@yahoogroups.com
> Cc: veirsmill@yahoo.com
> Date: Thursday, January 6, 2011, 11:54 AM
> Unless
> Mr. Shamim Chowdhury is a die-hard supporter of RAW
> manifesto than most Indian Citizens (more than people
> of West Bengal, Assam, Punjab,
> Kashmir, etc.) he would not make any comment after
> reading my latest and corrected (please find below)
> email.  Perhaps,
> Mr. Shamim Chowdhury and his RAW supporters of Bangladeshi
> origin know very well that India does not have any official
> language but she (India) imposes Hindi as official
> throughout her all states including West Bengal, Assam,
> Punjab, etc. Secondly,
> Indian Government and it's RAW made Bangladesh as
> Brothel through Whore (Home) Minister in the name of
> secularism by eliminating
> Islam.  http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Ovimot/message/672  http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Ovimot/message/682 Anybody
> can judge about India and
> RAW's role in her own nation and to neighboring country,
> Bangladesh. It's
> not the question of Anti-India, it is about patriotism and
> integrity. Thanks
> for your
> understanding. Anis
> Ahmed Date: Wed, 5 Jan
> 2011 10:09:11 -0800 (PST)
> Subject: [notun_bangladesh] Re: Original Resolution on
> International Mother Language Day: Correction
> Reply-To: notun_bangladesh@yahoogroups.com
>  
> I am not sure what Mr. Anis
> has in mind other then bashing India to serve his
> master Pakistan. He will suggest things that are baseless
> and absolutely untrue.
> His posting about international mother language day is just
> another anti Indian
> hoax.
>
> Here is the truth, I also put the link for you to verify.
>
> Link to UNESO web portal:
> http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=28672&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=-512.html
>
> Resolution adopted by the 30th Session of UNESCO's
> General Conference (1999)
> 30 C/DR.35 (submitted by Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia;
> supported by Oman,
> Benin,Sri Lanka, Egypt, the Russian Federation, Bahamas,
> Dominican Republic,
> Belarus, the Philippines, Côte d’Ivoire, India,
> Honduras, Gambia, the Federated
> States of Micronesia, Vanuatu, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea,
> Comoros, Pakistan,
> Islamic Republic of Iran, Lithuania, Italy and the Syrian
> Arab Republic)
> relating to paragraph 05204, the Commission recommends that
> the General
> Conference proclaim “International Mother Language
> Day” to be observed on 21
> February.
>  
> Thanks,
> Shamim
maryland, U.S.A
>



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[chottala.com] Re:[KHABOR] JINNAH'S ANTI-BANGALEE DESIGN -..... ..



What so good about your Quaide Azam ?
Did Jamaat support Jinnah and rolled behind him when he was leading
Pakistan movement in Nineteen Forties?
 
Jamaatis are now calling the wine-shipping, pork-eating Jinnah the
"greatest muslim leader of twentieth century in the subcontinent" !
Did Maulana Maududi recognize that in his life-time????
In any case, what you are trying to justfy with your propaganda jargon?
There was no malicious intent in Waheeduzzaman Manik's article.
It was an objective analysis from Bangladesh's national point of view. 
The historical processes are not as Black and White as you try to portray
through your innuendoes...... During Ninteen Forties, the Musulmans of
eastern part of India (Bengal & Assam ) supported the creation of Pakistan
with great hopes, The Sylhet Referendum held in July 1947 is a direct proof
of mass support for Pakistan among the Musulmans in favor of joining Pakistan.
 
Albeit, a very persistent illusion about the "Muslim homeland"  overwhelmed the minds of the of the ordinary Musulmans in 1946-1947..... Soon after the Partition of India, many people on the both sides of border got uprooted from their ancestorial homes ..
..
Gradually, the people started getting disillusioned,  through various historical
events and processes that culminated in the Liberation of Bangladesh.
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman could not have been an exception. He was a part
of the process .... He was always with the masses: national  crisis produces
leaders who are able to lead the people in their struggle against injustice and
deprrivation ..... The mind of a true leader of the masses reflects the minds
of the people: Sheikh Mujib is the only such leader in our history ...
The people did not support and joined the liberation war just by hearing someone's
radio announcement in English ...... the people became ready to fight against
the occupation through a historical process of which Mujib was part and percel....
and at the end he was holding the helm .. Sheikh Mujib was always with
the people of our land, he learned from the masses then led the masses ....
in their struggle for autonomy which eventually turned into our liberation war.
. 
The same people that supported the creation of Pakistan in 1947 ......gave
their blood for the liberation of Bangladesh from the yoke of Pakistan in 1971.
Just think, how your Quaide Azam's two nation theory failed to withstand the
test of time ........!!!!!!!!!!!
 
Syed Aslam
 
Related:
 
 
 
  PS: Watch the YouTube videos:

    Thumbnail

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMSVYTgFIPA

     Partition of India was a Blunder in the history of mankind

      Thumbnail

      http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOHnvR6ywS0

       The nation of Pakistan was never meant to be an "Islamic" state by Jinnah, as per all his speehes pre and post partition, Yes it was made for Muslims but not an Islamic one, and to equate the two is utterly rubbish.

       Describing the complexity of Jinnah's personality, one journalist observed that

      "General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq (Pakistan's dictator from 1977 to 1988) must be a very relieved man that Jinnah the "father of Pakistan  is not alive today --- or he would have to be flogged publicly for his personal habits . Mr. Jinnah not only chain smoked Cravan-A cigarettes but also liked his whisky and was not averse to pork. His was a life of upper-class liberal --- which indeed Jinnah was for most of his life both private and public  ..."

       

      On Wed, Jan 5, 2011 at 11:04 PM, S A Hannah <sahannan@sonarbangladesh.com> wrote:

      Even Sheikh Mujibur Rahman sahib was respectful of Mr Jinnah.Sheikh sahib used to call him Quaide Azam.When he was member of National Assembly of Pakistan in 1957-58 he said, in his speech in Parliament on the transfer capital  from Karachi to Islamabad.

      Sheikh  sahib said  we will not allow any body to transfer capital from Karachi as Karachi was made capital by Quaide Azam.

      Please read Independence of Bangladesh Documents, volume 2, published by GOB . See the entries under 1957-58, also see the proceedings of National Assembly of Pakistan.

      Shah Abdul Hannan


      From: khabor@yahoogroups.com [mailto:khabor@yahoogroups.com] On Behalf Of Syed_Aslam3
      Sent: Wednesday, January 05, 2011 7:56 AM
      To: notun Bangladesh; Khobor; chottala@yahoogroups.com; Sonar Bangladesh
      Subject: [KHABOR] JINNAH'S ANTI-BANGALEE DESIGN ON THE POLITICAL SCENE OF BANGLADESH IN THE EARLY YEARS OF PAKISTAN: AN ASSESSMENT......

       

       

      Mr. Amin Chaudhury

       

      Does it hurt you when Jinnah is exposed ?

      How come you omitted Suhrawarddy's name? , Suhrawarddy was the main proponent of United Bengal Movement. Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawarddy, the then Premier of the province of Bengal, formally launched his idea of a sovereign state

      for undivided Bengal. Almost simultaneously Sarat Chandra Bose came forward with his proposal for a Sovereign Socialist Republic of Bengal. On the eve of the 1947

      partition Suhrawardy envisioned the establishment of a independent state in Eastern India comprising the whole of Bengal and Assam and the adjoining districts of Bihar.

       

      Sarat Bose visualised Bengal to be a sovereign socialist republic within the Indian union. Suhrawarddy and Sarat Bose both vehemently protested the move for the

      partition of Bengal, initiated by most Congress and Hindu Mahasabha leaders of the province.

       

      On the other hand many Hindu and Muslim leaders of Bengal supported Suhrawardy and Sarat Bose in their move. Prominent among them were Kiran Shankar Roy

      (Leader of the Congress Parliamentary Party in Bengal Assembly), Satya Ranjan Bakshi (Sarat Bose's Secretary), Abul Hashim (Secretary of the Bengal Provincial

      Muslim League), Fazlur Rahman (Revenue Minister of the Province, father of Beximco's Salman F Rahman), Mohammad Ali Chowdhury (Finance Minister in Suhrawardy's cabinet) and others. Khawja Nazimuddin ( then an influential

      member of the working committee of Bengal as well as of All India Muslim league)

      and Maulana Mohammad Akram Khan (President of Bengal Muslim League) were the exponents of the partition of Bengal on communal basis..

       

      Jinnah never supported sovereign state for undivided Bengal (Greater Independent Bengal) He wanted Bengal and Assam as part of Akhand Pakistan. Where do you find Moulana Bhashani worked for sovereign independent Bengal ?

      He was elected as member of Assam provincial Assembly and wanted the Assam to be a part of Pakistan along with Bengal.

      [with all due respect to Maulana Bhashani]

       

      At the time when Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawarddy,launched his idea of a sovereign Bengal, Sheikh Mujib, then a student leader (Nikhil Bharat Muslim Chhatra

      Federation ) was one of his associates in the student front. [Please read Amar Jibon by Badruddin Umar. Incidently, Badruddin Umar is a son of  Abul Hashim mentioned by you. Abul Hashim was the Secretary of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League]. Abul Hashim also participated in the United Bengal Movement in 1947, a movement which was opposed by his party the Muslim League. FYI, Abul Hashim

      never used the word "Allama" in front of his name.[ He was never a self-proclaimed Allama like Saidee et. el]

       

      You are right the establishment of Independent Sovereign undivided Bengal would Bengal would have been "the most progressive and prosperous country with Hindu and Muslims living together."  

       

      There were opposition to the Suhrawarddy's & Sarat Bose's United Bengal Movement  on the both side of the communal aisle. Deep inside, the Hindu communalism is no different from that of parochialism within muslim

      community. The apparent antagonists help each other in practice.

       

      The communalists anong the Hindus and narrow parochialists and extreemists that exists wiithin Muslim community are two opposites of the same fecal matter (shit/dung). They just wear different cloaks (lebash).

       

      Thanks

       

      Syed Aslam

       

      Please Read:


      Amara Jibana: 1931-1950
      by Badruddin Umar
      Hardcover, Sahityika, ISBN 9848391355 (984-8391-35-5)

      Also read:

       

      [amarpita.jpg] The book is replete with things anecdotal. Abul Hashim's assessment of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy is not exactly flattering to the latter. It was his belief that when Suhrawardy, almost in the manner of the dramatic, argued for an independent, united Bengal in the run-up to partition, he did so out of the fear that in Pakistan he would have no place in politics. At the Delhi session of the Muslim League in April 1946, Mohammad Ali Jinnah presented a proposal for the creation of a single Pakistan state, a position that contravened the Lahore Resolution of March 1940 where the concept of independent states (meaning two) for India's Muslims had been enunciated. When Hashim drew Jinnah's attention to 'states' rather than 'state', the future father of Pakistan suggested that the absence of the letter 's' had been a printing error. Hashim then asked Liaquat Ali Khan to read out the 1940 resolution. It was soon revealed that the resolution had actually spoken of 'states' instead of the single 'state' Jinnah was now harping on. In the end, though, it was Jinnah who called the shots. A single Pakistan was established. The results could not but be disastrous. [Syed Badrul Ahsan]

      On Tue, Jan 4, 2011 at 1:10 PM, amin chaudhury <amin_chaudhury@yahoo.com> wrote:

      Why suppress the fact that Allama Abul Hashim, Moulana Bhashani, Sarat Bose (Brother of Netaji Shubhash Chandra Bose raised Independent Bengal proposition. Gandhi, Jwaherlal Patel and other Hindu leaders opposed it tooth and nail. Jinnah gave it a green signal. But he knew that the Hindus will not accept the proposition. Had the Hindus accepted it Bengal would be the most progressive and prosperous country with Hindu and Muslims living together. Hindus are the real Anti _bangalee people. Look at West Bengal, still a slave of India. It is India's anti- banglaee position that did not accept Jyoti Bose as PM of India. Bangla as a language is gradually waning under the ruthless onslaught of Hindi. If Bangladesh (the then East Bengal)  would remain under India would India accept its independence ? Look at the seven sister states, people are fighting for independence but getting bullets in stead. Is not that atrocity ? Is not that genocide ?



      --- On Sun, 1/2/11, Syed_Aslam3 <Syed.Aslam3@gmail.com> wrote

      THE IMPACT OF JINNAH'S ANTI-BANGALEE DESIGN ON THE  POLITICAL SCENE OF BANGLADESH IN THE EARLY YEARS OF PAKISTAN: AN ASSESSMENT

      By M. Waheeduzzaman Manik

      Dr. M. Waheeduzzaman Manik writes from Tennessee, USA. His email address is: MWzaman@Aol.Com

      The movement for a separate homeland for the Muslims of Indian subcontinent  had reached its pinnacle with the emergence of Pakistan as an independent nation-state on August 14, 1947.  Mohammad Ali Jinnah was the greatest exponent of Two-Nation Theory and the most articulate champion of Pakistan movement. He was called the Quai-I-Azam (the Great Leader) for his pivotal role in the creation of Pakistan.  Jinnah's relentless efforts for carving out a separate Muslim homeland made him the sole spokesman of the Indian Muslims in mid-1940s. He has been called both the "Creator" and "Founder" of Pakistan.  The Muslim League, under Jinnah's leadership, had successfully mobilized and enlisted Bangalee Muslim masses throughout the province of Bengal in favor of Pakistan movement.  It is a verified fact that out of 100 million Muslim populations in British-India, 33 million were from Bengal province.  The leaders of Bengal Provincial Muslim League (BPML) were among the vanguards that had spearheaded the Pakistan Movement.

      Although the overwhelming number of Muslim population in Bengal had supported the Muslim League's demand for Pakistan, the central leadership of All-India Muslim League (AIML) was disproportionately skewed in favor of non-Bengali leaders of different provinces.   Jinnah had effectively used most of the popular leaders of Bengal for the purpose mobilizing support in favor of his "Two-Nation Theory" and the demand for separate homeland for the Muslims of India.

      Yet, Jinnah had preferred to promote and project the non-Bengali loyalists, rightists and collaborationists in the leadership roles at both AIML and Bengal Provincial Muslim League (BPML).  It was by his deliberate anti-Bengali design that most of the celebrated and popular Muslim League leaders of Bengal were either banished or marginalized immediately before or
      after the creation of Pakistan. Instead of fostering and nurturing charismatic and independent-minded Bengali leaders, Jinnah handpicked those leaders of Bengal to assume the leadership roles in East Bengal (now Bangladesh) who were certified as anti-Bangalee and spineless loyalists or collaborationists. Thus the dice of Pakistan's anti-Bengali design was cast even before Pakistan's independence was achieved.

      The seed of colonial mode of governance in East Bengal (East Pakistan) was planted by Jinnah, the Founder of Pakistan. The genesis of the disintegration of Pakistan and Bangalees' relentless struggle first for maximum autonomy and later for complete independence were, to a great extent, conditioned by Jinnah's quest for installing anti-Bangalee collaborationist and rightist Muslim Leaguers in both the party apparatus and Governmental structure of East Bengal (throughout this commentary, I have used East Pakistan and East Bengal interchangeably or synonymously with reference to the geographic area that emerged as Bangladesh on December 16, 1971).

      Lest it be thought that this writer is overstating the fact!  Yet, the following verifiable facts will lend credence to my generalizations on Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the Founding Father of Pakistan.

      After the passage of the Lahore Resolution (known as Pakistan Resolution) on March 23, 1940, the moribund Bengal Provincial Muslim League (BPML) started emerging as the mass organization for the first time.  With the popularity of Pakistan Movement, Jinnah's grip over AIML and BPML was also getting tighter. There are some scholars who have attributed the popularity of Pakistan movement in Bengal to Jinnah's "personal popularity" and "organization skills." There are observers who have asserted that "religious zeal" had prompted the millions of people to support Pakistan Movement. There are also writers who have singled out the alleged or perceived  "Congress mis-rule" to be the determining factor that forced the Bengali Muslims to support the demand for Pakistan. There is no doubt that these explanations might sound intuitively pleasing or plausible. However, such claims might sound fantastic but not realistic at all.

      Yet, these superfluous claims or assertions lack credibility.  Although there was religious fervor in Pakistan movement from the beginning to the end, the magnitude and extent of "Islamic solidarity" of Bengali Muslims differed substantially from the Muslims of North and North-Western provinces of India. There is no doubt that religion had played a clear role in the process of creating or developing a sense of "Islamic Creed" or "Muslim Solidarity" among the Bangalee Muslims during the movement for Pakistan.  However, there is no reason to subscribe to the idea that "Islam" was the "only" factor or consideration that united the Muslims in Bengal behind Pakistan movement.  In fact, there were dominant factors other than "religion" that motivated the Bangalee Muslims to lend their overwhelming support to Muslim League's demand for Pakistan.  The Muslims in Bengal were more pragmatists or a rationalists than religionists. The truth of the matter is that after the adoption of Lahore Resolution on March 23, 1940, the Muslim masses started to believe genuinely that they might achieve an independent Muslim nation-state provided they vigorously support the movement for the establishment of Pakistan. The rising Muslim middle class found the demand for Pakistan more attractive or prospective option for their own personal and professional growth.  Their dreams of securing jobs in both public and private sectors, and their strong desires for succeeding in business enterprises in an independent Muslim State, were more relevant to them than religious consideration. The Muslim masses in Bengal had found the demand for Pakistan to be a pragmatic way to rid themselves of the bondage of socio-economic stagnation. For common Bengali Muslims, the establishment of Pakistan would create limitless opportunities for their own social mobility.

      Khalid Bin Syeed, one of the most distinguished scholars on Pakistan Movement, succinctly refuted the myth about Jinnah's organizational capabilities and perceptions of alleged mal-administration of congress: "It was only after the Lahore Resolution was passed and the demand for a Muslim state came to the forefront that Muslims in their thousands flocked to the Muslim League.  Thus, neither Jinnah's organizing ability nor the alleged Congress misrule by themselves could have transformed the [Muslim] League into a mighty force.  The demand for Pakistan…., this stimulant which put life and vigor into the Muslim League" Khalid Bin Syeed, Pakistan: The Formative Years, London: Oxford University press, 1968,  p. 179).

      The most relevant question that needs to be raised is this:  who were the chief messengers of Muslim League's demand for Pakistan in Bengal?  The messengers of Pakistan movement to Bengali middle classes and masses in 1940s were A.K. Fazlul Huq, Shaheed Suhrawardy and Abul Hashim, the most celebrated and trusted Bengali leaders of that era. Although they had championed the cause of Pakistan movement, they were not willing to be anti-Bangalee collaborationists or die-hard Jinnah loyalists. Doubtless, they might have sincerely believed that the establishment of Pakistan would emancipate the Bengali Muslims from the economic and social miseries. Yet, they were not willing to compromise the interests of Bangalees.  Jinnah had used them to popularize his Two-Nation Theory and Demand for Pakistan. Yet, he had neutralized or banished  these doyens of Bengal politics at an appropriate time so that no one from East Bengal (East Pakistan) could effectively challenge his authoritarian mode of governance.

      Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Hoque, the mover of 1940 Lahore Resolution for Muslim homeland, was expelled from the All-India Muslim League in 1941.  It needs to be noted that Fazlul Huq, the most charismatic leader of Bengal, with more popularity and name recognition throughout India than M.A. Jinnah at least till mid-'30s, had joined the Muslim League in 1937 after forming the Krishak Praja Party (KPP)- Muslim League coalition Government in Bengal. He held leadership roles in both All-India Congress and All-India Muslim League.  Fazlul Huq was also involved in the formation of Muslim League in 1906 (he was 33 years old in 1906! Nawab Salimullah had personally commended his extraordinary brilliance and talent).  He was the chief of Krishak Praja Party, the party that won more Muslim seats in Bengal Provincial Legislature in 1937 election than Muslim League. He was already a legendary figure in Bengal politics before he formally joined the Muslim League in 1937.  His role as the Premier of Bengal was a catalyst in attracting the Muslim middle class and peasantry to the Muslim League.  His accomplishments as the Premier of Bengal were beneficial and relevant to Bengali Muslim middle class and peasantry.  Doubtless, the rising tide of Muslim nationalism and demand for Pakistan had gained an impetus with Sher-e- Bangla A.K. Fazlul Huq's joing the Muslim League.

      Although his support for Pakistan Movement was genuine, Fazlul Huq did not tolerate Jinnah's unfair interference in Bengal politics. Instead of taking dictates from Jinnah or Liaquat Ali Khan, Fazlul Huq had resigned from the Muslim League for which he had to be in political exile for more than 10 years.  Aimed at the collapse of Huq's Ministry in Bengal, Jinnah, with his ruthless brilliance, personally saw to it that Muslim League support is withdrawn from KPP-Muslim League coalition Government. The collapse of KPP-ML coalition Ministry had devastating effect on the Bengali Muslims. Fazlul Huq was forced to form a coalition Government with Shyma Prashad Mukherji (known as Shayma-Huq Ministry). Yet, M.A. Jinnah could care less. His sole goal was to send Fazlul Huq to political wilderness in an era when the demand for Pakistan caught up the imagination of 33 million Bengali Muslims. Jinnah was personally involved in  spreading blatant falsehoods and inaccuracies about Fazlul Huq throughout Bengal. He was called "traitor."  It is interesting to note that Fazlul Huq had been vilified by both progressive faction (led by Shaheed Suhrawardy and Abul Hashim) and rightist faction (led by Maulana Akram Khan and Nazimuddin) of Bengal Provincial Muslim League! Aimed at demeaning and discrediting Fazlul Huq, the leaders of Bengal Muslim League had addressed several hundred public meetings in most of the districts in Bengal. Nothwithstanding his enormous popularity, Sher-e-Bangla was not invincible. Muslim League's  defamatory propaganda had worked. Fazlul Huq's Ministry had collapsed in 1943.

      With Jinnah's blessing, Nazimuddim had formed the Ministry in Bengal in 1943. For all practical purposes, Jinnah, indeed, had succeeded in dismantling Sher-e-Bangla's stronghold in Bengal politics. (I have a plan to elaborate on Jinnah's anti-Huq crusade in a separate article. Therefore, suffice it at this time to point out that Fazlul Huq did not regain his popularity among the Bangalee masses till he formed the United Front with Maulana Bhasani and Suhrawardy during the historic election in 1954.  He felt elated and to some extent vindicated when he found out that the United Front literally routed out the ruling Muslim League from East Pakistan).     

      It was Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy who had emerged as the most dynamic leader of Bengal Muslim League.  His role as the General Secretary of BPML till 1943 was crucial in the process of recruiting dedicated and capable party workers. He was personally instrumental in the formation of Muslim National Guards.  He was the most energetic Minister in Fazlul Huq's cabinet in charge of Labor Ministry.  He personally cultivated support from industrial workers in favor of Pakistan movement.  He was also the most active member in Nazimuddin Cabinet that was formed after the collapse of Shayma-Huq cabinet in 1943.  His popularity among the students had motivated many from younger generation to be the most vocal supporters of Pakistan movement.  As the Chief Minister of Bengal in 1946, he shouldered the responsibility of lending logistic support to Pakistan Movement.  His role during Direct Action Day in 1946 was pivotal towards hastening the achievement of Pakistan (even though his action or inaction on that fateful day in the history of Bengal had tarnished his image among Hindu community).  Suhrawardy had also moved the amendment to the original 1940 Lahore Resolution in the Delhi convention of Muslim League Legislators in 1946 even though he himself was a staunch supporter of an independent United Bengal.   

      Abul Hashim, another progressive leader with tremendous organizational skills, had succeeded Suhrawardy as the General Secretary of BPML in 1943.  Thousands of people had joined Muslim League in most of Bengal districts during his tenure as the General Secretary of the party.  With the help of dedicated Muslim students, Hashim could bring Bangalee Muslims en masse under the fold of the Muslim League. The numerical and organizational strength of the party in Bengal was reflected in the landslide victory of Muslim League candidates in 1945-'46 elections.  Yet, Abul Hashim's wings of power or influence in East Bengal political scene were clipped by Jinnah and his sycophants both before and after Pakistan was achieved. 

      Both Suhrawardy and Hashim tremendously contributed in the process of transforming the Bengal Provincial Muslim League into a viable mass organization that was capable of leading Pakistan Movement.  Their dynamic leadership had liberated BPML from the domination of the non-Bengali Nawabs of Dacca and the upper-class leadership.  For the first time, pro-Bengali, progressive and middle class leaders dominated the leadership of Bengal Muslim League. However, Muslim League in Bengal was divided into two distinct factions:  the progressive group was led by Suhrawardy and Hashim whereas the rightwing conservative faction was affiliated to Khawaja Nazimuddin and Maulana Akram Khan.

      The most relevant fact is that M. A. Jinnah had decided to nurture and sponsor the conservative elements in the party.  Aimed at packing the East Pakistan Muslim League with Jinnah loyalists, it was the deliberate policy of Jinnah to either ignore or malign the progressive members of the Bengal Muslim League.  For example, the followers of both Suhrawardy and Hashim were taunted or humiliated by Jinnah loyalists and collaborationists even before the establishment of Pakistan. Instead of recognizing Shaheed Suhrawardhy's popularity, organizational skills and crucial contribution to Pakistan movement at a critical juncture, the centralized All-India Muslim League leadership had consciously lent its support to Khawaja Nazimuddin's bid to become the leader of Muslim League legislators in Bengal on August 5, 1947 (only 9 days before Pakistan was born!).  With the selection of a reactionary, conservative and discredited leader of BPML for assuming the role of Chief Minister of East Bengal (East Pakistan) over a progressive and dynamic leader of Suhrawardy's caliber and stature, M.A. Jinnah had in effect sealed off the political fate of H.S. Suhrawardy and his followers in East Bengal (East Pakistan). 

      While Suhrawardy and Hashim were stalwarts in pre-partition Bengal Muslim League, Maulana Bhasani was the legendary figure in Assam Muslim League.  As the President of Assam Provincial Muslim League, he had spearheaded the Pakistan movement in Assam.  Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani was discredited and maligned immediately after his return to East Bengal from Assam.  Nazimuddin-Akram Khan clique quickly forgot his crucial contribution in favor of Pakistan during referendum in Sylhet.  Maulana Bhasani had won a seat in East Bengal Provincial Legislative Assembly (EBLA) from South Tangail constituency. However, the Muslim League clique against Maulana Bhasani with an aim to dislodge him from the Provincial Assembly hatched a conspiracy out. His election to the Assembly was declared null and void on flimsy ground.  Above all, he was declared disqualified by the provincial Governor to run for election for holding any public office!

      Once the establishment of Pakistan became a reality on August 14, 1947, the Punjabi and other non-Bengali Muslim League leaders started consolidating their positions in the Governments of both at the Center and provinces. Choudhury Khaliquzzaman was elected as the Chief Organizer of the Muslim League when Jinnah had assumed the office of Governor General of Pakistan.  Jinnah also became the President of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The self-appointed Governor General and President of the Constituent Assembly had handpicked Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan to be the Prime Minister of Pakistan. The actual decision-making authority of Pakistan in the initial year after independence was centralized in the offices of the Governor General and Prime Minister.  Both Jinnah ana Liaquat Ali Khan decided to employ Muslim League under the leadership of Choudhury Khaliquzzaman as an instrument of subjugating and controlling the East Bengal political scene.

      The ruling coterie of Pakistan had realized it quite early that the die-hard loyalists needed to be promoted and installed in East Bengal Muslim League establishment.   Aimed at humiliating and demonizing the most popular and celebrated Muslim League leaders of East Bengal (East Pakistan), the ruling coterie of Pakistan adopted a deliberate policy of filling the East Bengal (East Pakistan) Branch of Muslim League with the collaborationist, reactionary and anti-Bangalee leaders.  At the behest of both Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, Choudury Khaliquzzaman, the Chief of Organizer of the All-Pakistan Muslim League, had literally leased the party in East Bengal to Khawaja Nazimuddin and Maulana Akram Khan. They, in turn, sponsored those Bengali leaders who were loyal to them. Neither Nazimuddin nor Akram Khan had any mass support or charisma. Nor did they have any extraordinary organizational capabilities.

      As the Chief Minister of East Bengal, Khwaja Nazimuddin also saw to it that neither Suhrwardy nor his followers have any prominent role in East Bengal politics.  He lost no time to characterize Suhrawardy as the "Indian agent" and an "enemy of Pakistan."  Nazimuddin had misused his official position for the purpose of relieving H.S. Suhrawardy from the membership of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. As if that was not enough of an insult for the one of the most dynamic contributors to Pakistan Movement in Bengal! It is a fact that the East Bengal Government of Khawaja Nazimuddin prohibited Suhrawardy from entering or addressing public meetings in any place of East Bengal. It was on July 13, 1948 when Liaquat Ali Khan, Jinnah's handpicked Prime Minister of Pakistan, informed Suhrawardy that the action of expulsion from East Bengal taken against him was a "matter entirely for the Provincial Government and he (Liaquat Ali Khan) can't interfere in their administration."

      One of the professed goals of Nazimuddin and Akram Khan coterie was to keep the doors of the Muslim League closed to the most progressive and dynamic members of Bengal Provincial Muslim League. The progressive forces were systematically eliminated from positions of importance by the right wing forces of the party.  The followers of both Suhrawardy and Hashim were specifically singled out to be excluded even from the primary membership of the Muslim League. Both Maulana Bhasani and Suhrawardy protested this exclusionary policy of the East Bengal Muslim League. A deputation of dissatisfied East Bengal Muslim Leaguers under the leadership of Ataur Rahman Khan had visited Choudhury Khaliquzzaman, the Chief Organizer of the Pakistan Muslim League. The East Bengal delegates requested that Maulana Akram Khan  "be immediately directed to make the membership of the party available to the dissident groups."  However, neither representation nor pressure from the dissidents did open the door of the Muslim League for those whose views were at variance with the ruling coterie.

      The policy of exclusion had devastating effect on the efficacy of the Muslim League in the changing political climate of East Bengal.  Notwithstanding the many limitations of Muslim League, over the years since 1937 this party had become inclusive of the mainstream linguistic, souci-economic and regional groups of people. Yet, the rightwing grip over both the party and the Government of East Bengal seriously eroded the mass support for Muslim League.  The ruling Muslim League regime in East Bengal had miserably failed to redress the genuine grievances of East Bengal.  The governmental policies and procedures of suppression and persecution of the dissident groups in East Bengal had effectively alienated the mainstream Banglee population of East Bengal.

      Both Jinnah and Liaquat totally ignored the fact that fifty six percent of the total population of Pakistan were from East Bengal. The discriminatory policy of the Central Government of Pakistan against East Bengal started manifesting only after few months of independence. To the chagrin of East Bengal, the Central Government of Pakistan had become the exclusive domain of West Pakistanis. The representation of Bangalees in various services including Military and Civil Service under the Central Government was negligible. West Pakistanis deputed from the Central Government had filled most of the crucial administrative positions including the position of Chief Secretary in the Government of East Bengal.  The exports and imports were central subjects to be dominated by West Pakistanis. The trade, commerce, banking, industries and other public or private sector enterprises were totally controlled by West Pakistanis.  The allocation of annual expenditures for development of East Bengal was negligible in comparison with West Pakistan even though East Bengal was assessed for greater amount of revenues. Most of the foreign earnings were generated from East Pakistan exports.  Yet, foreign exchange allocation for East Bengal government was almost nil. Since the Federal capital was located in Karachi, the federal expenditures had no beneficial effects on the economy of East Bengal.

      The Bengalis started resenting the discriminatory policies of the Central Government.  The progressive Bengali leaders (in some instances even conservative Muslim Leaguers) had started protesting this kind of blatant and unfair policies and programs of the ruling elite of Pakistan Government. For example, one Bangalee member of Pakistan's Constituent Assembly pointed out as early as February, 1948 that a "feeling is growing among the East Pakistanis that Eastern Pakistan is being neglected and treated nearly as a 'colony' of West Pakistan."  It was obvious that the Central Government was not willing to redress the genuine grievances of Bangalees. Instead of redressing pressing problems of East Bengal, Pakistan's ruling elite kept on sermonizing Bangalees to be more of Pakistanis. The typical anti-Bangalee attitude of Jinnah and Liaquat Government was manifested in Prime Minister Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan's arrogant response to a Bangalee leader's question on Provincial autonomy for East Bengal (at the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on March 2, 1948):  "Today in Pakistan there is no difference between the Central Government and Provincial Government.  The central Government is composed of the provinces. …. We must kill this provincialism for all times."  

      The beginning of the end of Pakistan in East Bengal had started as early as in 1948 when the Muslim League Government at both the Center and East Bengal were pushing for Urdu to be the "only" State Language of Pakistan.. The language issue started mobilizing the people of East Bengal even before the year 1947 was out.  Neither Jinnah nor Liaquat Ali Khan was willing to recognize that Urdu, an alien language to Bangalees, could never be imposed on East Bengal.  They never recognized the fact that the then Chief Minister of East Bengal, Khawaza Nazimuddin, was aggravating and alienating the Bangalee population when he started aggressive campaign in favor of Urdu to be the State language of Pakistan. Jinnah's "Urdu, and Urdu alone shall be the State Language of Pakistan" speeches  in Dacca (on March 21, 1948 at Race Course Maidan, and on March 24, 1948 at the Special Convocation Ceremony of Dacca University) had been instantly criticized by the most articulate segments of Bangalees. 

      In a Radio Address to East Pakistanis before his departure from East Pakistan on March 28, 1948, Jinnah had harshly rebuked the critics of his language policy.  He characterized the opponents of Urdu language as the "opponents" of Pakistan.  He said that the supporters of Bengali as a state language are nothing but the "paid agents" of foreign countries.  Aimed at castigating those who had the guts to demand Bengali to be one of the State languages of Pakistan, an imbecile Jinnah had labeled the champions of Bengali language as "communists,"  "enemies of Pakistan," "breakers of integrity of Pakistan," "defeated and frustrated hate-mongers,"   "champions of provincialism," " breakers of peace and tranquility," "political assassins and political opportunists," "traitors," " inhabitants of fools' paradise," and "self-serving, fifth columnists" etc. He commended the Chief Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin for using various forms of repressive and aggressive measures against the supporters of Bengali language. Jinnah had repeatedly reminded the proponents of Bangla language that the Central Government of Pakistan "is determined to take appropriate stern actions" against these evil forces.  

      Jinnah's shameless advocacy for Urdu to be the only State language of Pakistan clearly demonstrated his contempt for Bangalees and utter disregard for democratic principle of majority rule. In fact, his outlandish anti-Bengali language speeches in Dacca had sparked the first phase of language movement in 1948.  Following his footprints, Liaquat Ali Khan, Nazimuddin and Nurul Amin made concerted efforts to impose Urdu as the only State language of Pakistan. The historic 1952 Language Movement withstood the naked and brute  aggression against Bengali, the mother tongue of Bangalees.  Instead of being silenced or browbeaten by the renegades, reactionary, rightist and collaborationist forces of Pakistan, Bangalees had continued their fight for establishing Bengali as one of the State languages of Pakistan.

      The ruling Muslim League coterie took it for granted that East Bengal would forever remain subservient to the Central Government of Pakistan.  Although the Muslim League started loosing public support in East Bengal even within the first year after independence, Jinnah's personal charisma and his authoritarian style of leadership kept the party together. Obviously, the Muslim League had remained relatively a viable political party as long as Jinnah was alive. The ruling coterie also took it for granted that public support will remain constant for the party that "fought for and achieved Pakistan."  The real crack in the popularity of the party started manifesting after Jinnah's sudden death on September 11, 1948. (Khawaja Nazimuddin's anti-Bangalee policies and programs had accrued handsome dividends for him.  The ruling coterie of Pakistan under Liaquat Ali Khan's leadership had chosen him to succeed Jinnah as the Governor General of Pakistan. Nurul Amin, another Jinnah loyalist, had succeeded Khawaja Nazimuddin as the Chief Minister of East Bengal).

      It is obvious that the political development in East Bengal (East Pakistan) was very much conditioned by the policies of both the Central and provincial Governments.  The main intent of the Central ruling elite was to perpetuate their colonial policy in East Pakistan through the use of the loyalist and collaborationist Muslim League Government.  Both Nazimuddin and Nurul Amin regimes in East Bengal had implemented various repressive and discretionary measures.   Instead of remaining subjugated by the ruling elite of Pakistan, the dissident Muslim Leaguers  (mainly from Suhrawardy-Hashim  faction of pre-independent Bengal Muslim League) had joined hands with other progressive forces of East Bengal (East Pakistan) to mobilize and organize themselves. Their sole objective was to oppose the oppressive, repressive and discriminatory policies and programs of both the Central Government of Pakistan and the Government of East Pakistan (East Bengal). They also felt the acute need for a political party to ventilate and articulate the genuine grievances of East Bengal.

      The emergence of East Pakistan Awami Muslim League (EPAML) on June 23, 1949 as the first opposition party in East Bengal filled such a need.  The student community and intelligentsia of East Bengal were also the vanguards in building resistance movements in the early years of Pakistan. The students had provided the leadership of the language movements both in 1948 and 1952. The relentless struggle of Bangalees for freedom and self-determination continued till they achieved complete independence through a liberation war in 1971.

      Back to Commentary

      http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/commentary/jinnah.html


       

       



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